4º ESO   1ST EXAM CONTENTS

a)     GRAMMAR

Present simple

Present continuous

Present simple vs present continuous

REMEMBER:

*There are three types of verbs: DYNAMIC VERBS (you can use them with simple and continuous tenses. You can see the verb… run, drink, go,….), STATIVE VERBS (you can use them only with simple tenses. You can´t see the verb…. Remember, believe, see, like, love, understand, …. ) and MIXED VERBS ( for example LOOK.  “ you look tired “ and you are looking for some clues”; HAVE.  “I have a sister”. “ They are having dinner at home tonight”).

*ADVERBS

Simple present is used with FREQUENCY ADVERBS (always, usually, never, hardly ever, …) and FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS (once a day, twice a week, ……).

Present continuous is used with NOW, AT THE MOMENT, THIS WEEK, IN THE AFTERNOON, NEXT WEEK, ….

*SHOWING PREFERENCES, LIKES AND DISLIKES

Remember when we use

LIKE,LOVE,DISLIKE,HATE, PREFER, ….

DON´T MIND

BE FOND OF/BE

*Expressing Preferences
We often use words like prefer, would prefer, would rather to talk or ask about preferences.
"I prefer living on my own."
"Would you prefer to see a movie or go to a club?"
"Would you rather  go shopping with me?"
Those expressions are quite different in meaning .
Difference in meaning:
We tend to use 'prefer' to talk generally about likes, dislikes, what we want.
“He prefers reading books.”
“I prefer going to the beach than going to a swimming pool.”
The expressions 'would prefer' and 'would rather', to be a little more specific.
“I would prefer to see him in person.”
“I would rather go home now.”
Difference in form:
Followed by a different verb form:

“I prefer living in a city.” (followed by the gerund; the '-ing' ending)
“I would prefer to be told the truth.” (followed by the infinitive; to+ the verb)
“Would you rather stay at a hotel?” (followed by the base form of the verb; the verb without 'to'.

Different prepositions to state the choice.
prefer, would prefer – go with 'to'
“I prefer living in a city to living in the country.”
“I would (I'd) prefer to be alone to be with the wrong person”.
would rather – goes with 'than'
“I would (I'd) rather talk to him in person than call him on the phone.”

* PAST SIMPLE /PAST CONTINUOS

Form

Simple Past	Past Progressive
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs I spoke regular verbs: verb + ed I worked	past form of 'be' + ing form of verb   I was speaking you were speaking he / she / it was speaking we were speaking they were speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d. Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worried but: play - he played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

Use

After another or at the same time?

Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same time?

Simple Past	Past Progressive
after another She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.	at the same time Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.

New action or already in progress?

If you want to express that a new action happened in the middle of another action, you need both tenses: Simple Past the new action and Past Progressive for the action already in progress.

Simple Past	Past Progressive
new action My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)	action already in progress While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)

Only mentioning or emphasising progress?

Do you just want to mention that an action took place in the past (also used for short actions)? Or do you want to put emphasis on the progress, e.g. that an action was taking place at a certain time?

Simple Past	Past Progressive
just mentioning Colin played football yesterday.	emphasising progress Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.

Certain Verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past (not in the progressive form).

• state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit

Example: We were on holiday.

• possession: belong, have

Example: Sam had a cat.

• senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He felt the cold.

• feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loved pizza.

• brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I did not understand him.

• introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Example: “I am watching TV,“ he said.

Signal words

Simple Past	Past Progressive
first then If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)	when while as long as

*USED TO
 El verbo “use” significa “usar” o “utilizar”. Sin embargo, cuando utilizamos este verbo en el pasado simple, más la preposición “to”, como verbo modal, el significado cambia.

used to

El verbo modal “used to” se emplea para indicar algo que ocurría o sucedería en el pasado de manera habitual. También, se utiliza para algo que antes era verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los otros verbos modales, “used to” está seguido por la forma base del verbo (el infinitivo sin “to”).

Structure (Estructura)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Sujeto + “used to” + verbo…

Ejemplos:

We used to go to the beach every summer when I was young. (Cuando era joven solíamos ir a la playa cada verano.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + “didn’t” + “use to” + verbo…

Ejemplos:

I didn’t use to like mushrooms, but now I do. (No me solían gustar las setas, pero ahora si.)

Food didn’t use to be so expensive. (La comida no solía ser tan cara.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Did + sujeto + “use to” + verbo…?

Ejemplos:

Didn’t he use to smoke a lot? (Él solía fumar mucho, ¿no?)

Nota: No utilizamos “used to” para acciones habituales en el presente. En vez de este verbo modal, se usa un adverbio como “usually” o “normally” por ejemplo.

Ejemplos:

We usually go to the beach every summer. (Solemos ir a la playa cada verano.)

Nota: También se puede utilizar el verbo modal “would” para eventos o acciones repetidas en el pasado. Pero ten en cuenta que sólo se puede usar con acciones, no con estados o hábitos. Tampoco se puede utilizar “would” en el negativo.

Ejemplos:

When I was young, we would go to the beach every summer. (Cuando era joven solíamos ir a la playa cada verano.)

At the university, they would play football every weekend. (En la universidad, ellos solían jugar a fútbol cada fin de semana.)

*WHEN / WHILE

Tenéis ya apuntes en el blog.

b)    FUNCTIONS

·         Suggestions … WHY DON´T WE GO TO THE CINEMA? / LET´S GO TO THE CINEMA/ WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT GOING TO THE CINEMA?

·         RESERVING A HOTEL ROOM

·         ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS

·         BUYING TICKETS

c)     WRITINGS

·         Writing a story…..seven point story structure.  It has:

1. a character,
2. in a situation,
3. with a problem,
4. who tries repeatedly to solve his problem,
5. but repeatedly fails, (usually making the problem worse),
6. then, at the climax of the story, makes a final attempt , after which
7. the result is “validated” in a way that makes it clear that what we saw was, in fact, the final result.

·         Writing an e-mail …….

·         Writing a newspaper article about crime

d)    VOCABULARY

PLACES, TRAVELLING, TRANSPORT, PLANNING A HOLIDAY, CRIME , ….